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Prepositions

Prepositions are auxiliary words that define relationship of nouns or pronouns with other words in a sentence. Prepositions may be simple words (for, in, with), compounds (outside, throughout), or collocations (in front of, with regard to). Some prepositions have their own distinctive meaning (during, instead of). The meaning of others (for, by, of) is only vaguely defined and is fully realized in a usage context. The choice of a preposition is determined by one of the three factors:
1) semantic - a preposition's own meaning (on/ in/ under/ over/at/ to the table),
2) grammatical - combinatory rules (at the meeting, over the weekend) or
3) governing rules (belong to, be proud of).

Example:

1) Take it out of the pocket (from the kitchen, off the shelf) and put it on the desk (near the wall, behind the armchair).
2) He will arrive in two weeks on Monday at 8 o'clock.
3) It depends on her commitment to the cause.
One of distinctive traits of modern English is that in certain structures a preposition can be separated from the noun or pronoun it belongs to, usually taking the last position in the sentence.

Example:

What are you staring at? I know who you are looking for. Get it done over with. There is nothing to worry about.

The main English prepositions' usage:

At	John met Mary at school. The train arrived at three o'clock.
After	We drove after a school bus. I will be back after 7 p.m.
Around/about	The family gathered around the table. The performance started about 10 o'clock.
Before	The car stopped before the intersection. I will see him before 10 a.m.
Behind	The barn is behind the house. You are always behind schedule.
Between	There is a small garden between the buildings. The meeting will start between seven and eight.
By	His house is by the river. They must be here by three o'clock. (Also instrumental: The novel was written by a young writer.)
In	He lives in New York. I will be back in two weeks.
On	The dinner is on the table. The meeting is scheduled on Monday.
From	I got a letter from my mother. They will stay in this hotel from Friday till Monday.
Near	They met near the bridge. I'm leaving near the end of the month.
Upon	Nancy put her hands upon the steering wheel. Upon arrival proceed to customs.
Through	John was looking through the windshield. There was no rain through the whole summer.
To	I am going to the library. Everything was perfect to this day.
Over	A plane flew over the field. He didn't change over the years.
Under	The boy stood under a marquee. He cannot do it under an hour.

Space / Direction

Across	The forest is across the lake. He walked across the street.
Along	Big trees grow along the road. They walked along the fence talking.
Among	Among friends there shouldn't be any secrets. Put the doll among other toys.
Down	The diner is down this road. The boy swam down the river.
In front of	She stood in front of a display window. A sports car cut in front of us.
Into	Mary put her notebook into the bag.
Off	The hotel is off the main road. Take you hands off me!
Out (out of)	He looked out the window.
Up	The library is up this street. They have climbed up the hill.

Time

Until (till)	They didn't finish until 11 p.m.
During	During my trip I visited many beautiful cities.
Since	He works there since December.

Other

Because of	We could not visit her because of the rain (reason).
For	I bought him a present for his birthday (purpose). She was there for five days (duration).
Of	The door of the car was open (possessive).

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